Key Takeaways
- Heparin therapy is monitored with aPTT - therapeutic range is 1.5-2.5 times normal (approximately 60-80 seconds)
- Warfarin (Coumadin) is monitored with PT/INR - therapeutic range is INR 2.0-3.0 for most indications
- Antidote for Heparin is Protamine Sulfate; antidote for Warfarin is Vitamin K (Phytonadione)
- Never give anticoagulants IM - increases risk of hematoma; SubQ or IV only
- Hold heparin if aPTT > 100 seconds; hold warfarin if INR > 4.0 and notify provider
Last updated: January 2026
High-Alert Medications: Anticoagulants
Anticoagulants are among the most dangerous medications when errors occur. Understanding the different agents, monitoring parameters, and management of complications is essential for safe nursing practice.
Anticoagulant Classes
| Class | Mechanism | Route | Monitoring |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unfractionated Heparin | Inhibits thrombin and factor Xa | IV, SubQ | aPTT |
| Low Molecular Weight Heparin | Primarily inhibits factor Xa | SubQ only | Anti-Xa levels (if needed) |
| Warfarin | Blocks vitamin K-dependent factors | Oral | PT/INR |
| Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs) | Direct thrombin or Xa inhibitors | Oral | Usually none required |
Unfractionated Heparin (UFH)
Administration:
- IV: Bolus followed by continuous infusion
- SubQ: Prophylactic dosing for DVT prevention
- NEVER IM (hematoma risk)
Monitoring:
| Parameter | Normal | Therapeutic |
|---|---|---|
| aPTT | 25-35 seconds | 60-80 seconds (1.5-2.5× normal) |
When to Hold:
- aPTT > 100 seconds
- Signs of active bleeding
- Before invasive procedures
Antidote: Protamine Sulfate
- 1 mg Protamine reverses approximately 100 units of Heparin
- Give slowly IV (rapid administration causes hypotension)
- Caution in patients with fish allergies
Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH)
Common Agents:
- Enoxaparin (Lovenox)
- Dalteparin (Fragmin)
Advantages over UFH:
- Predictable response - routine monitoring not required
- Once or twice daily SubQ dosing
- Can be given at home
Administration:
- SubQ into abdominal fat
- Do NOT expel air bubble
- Do NOT rub injection site
- Rotate sites
When to Monitor Anti-Xa Levels:
- Renal impairment
- Obesity
- Pregnancy
- Very low body weight
Partial Reversal: Protamine (only 60% effective for LMWH)
Warfarin (Coumadin)
Mechanism: Blocks vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X)
Monitoring:
| Parameter | Normal | Therapeutic (most conditions) |
|---|---|---|
| PT | 12-15 seconds | Prolonged |
| INR | 0.8-1.1 | 2.0-3.0 |
Higher INR Target (2.5-3.5):
- Mechanical heart valves
- Recurrent thromboembolism
When to Hold:
- INR > 4.0 - hold and notify provider
- Active bleeding - hold and reverse
- Before surgery - typically held 5 days pre-op
Antidote: Vitamin K (Phytonadione)
- Oral or IV (IV given slowly - anaphylaxis risk)
- Effect takes 12-24 hours
- For immediate reversal: Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) or Prothrombin Complex Concentrate (PCC)
Warfarin Drug and Food Interactions
| Category | Effect on INR | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Vitamin K foods | ↓ INR | Leafy greens, broccoli, liver |
| CYP450 inhibitors | ↑ INR | Azole antifungals, macrolides |
| CYP450 inducers | ↓ INR | Rifampin, phenytoin, carbamazepine |
| Salicylates/NSAIDs | ↑ Bleeding risk | Aspirin, ibuprofen |
Patient Teaching:
- Maintain consistent vitamin K intake (don't eliminate, just keep constant)
- Report unusual bleeding or bruising
- Wear medical alert identification
- Inform all healthcare providers
Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs)
| Drug | Target | Dosing | Reversal Agent |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dabigatran (Pradaxa) | Thrombin | BID | Idarucizumab (Praxbind) |
| Rivaroxaban (Xarelto) | Factor Xa | Daily with food | Andexanet alfa |
| Apixaban (Eliquis) | Factor Xa | BID | Andexanet alfa |
| Edoxaban (Savaysa) | Factor Xa | Daily | Andexanet alfa |
Advantages:
- Fixed dosing without routine monitoring
- Fewer drug-food interactions than warfarin
- Rapid onset (no bridge therapy needed)
Disadvantages:
- Renal dosing required
- Specific reversal agents expensive/limited
- Not for mechanical heart valves
Signs of Bleeding Complications
| Type | Signs to Monitor |
|---|---|
| GI bleeding | Melena (black tarry stool), hematemesis, hematochezia |
| Intracranial | Sudden headache, confusion, neurologic changes |
| Genitourinary | Hematuria (blood in urine) |
| Skin | Petechiae, ecchymoses, hematoma |
| Other | Bleeding gums, prolonged bleeding from cuts, epistaxis |
Nursing Interventions for Bleeding
- Hold the anticoagulant - Do not give next dose
- Apply direct pressure - To accessible bleeding sites
- Notify provider immediately
- Administer reversal agent as ordered
- Monitor vital signs - Hypotension indicates significant blood loss
- Type and screen/crossmatch - Prepare for possible transfusion
- Document thoroughly
Lab Monitoring Quick Reference
| Drug | Lab Test | Therapeutic Range |
|---|---|---|
| Heparin | aPTT | 60-80 sec (1.5-2.5× normal) |
| Warfarin | PT/INR | INR 2.0-3.0 |
| LMWH | Anti-Xa | 0.5-1.0 units/mL |
On the Exam
- Know which lab monitors which drug
- Recognize therapeutic vs. supratherapeutic ranges
- Match antidotes to anticoagulants
- Identify contraindications to anticoagulation
Test Your Knowledge
A patient on heparin therapy has an aPTT result of 110 seconds. The nurse should:
A
B
C
D
Test Your Knowledge
Which statement by a patient taking warfarin indicates a need for further teaching?
A
B
C
D
Test Your Knowledge
A patient receiving warfarin has an INR of 2.5 for atrial fibrillation. The nurse should:
A
B
C
D
Test Your Knowledge
The antidote for heparin overdose is:
A
B
C
D