Key Takeaways
- Coping mechanisms are strategies used to manage stress and emotional challenges
- Defense mechanisms are unconscious psychological strategies that protect the ego from anxiety
- Adaptive coping includes problem-solving, seeking support, and healthy emotional expression
- Maladaptive coping includes substance abuse, denial of serious problems, and social isolation
- The LPN/LVN assists patients in identifying support systems and developing healthy coping strategies
Last updated: January 2026
Coping Mechanisms and Support Systems
When faced with stress, illness, or crisis, people use various strategies to manage. The LPN/LVN helps patients develop healthy coping strategies and connects them with support resources.
Stress and Adaptation
The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS):
| Stage | Response |
|---|---|
| Alarm | Fight or flight response, increased alertness |
| Resistance | Body attempts to adapt to continued stress |
| Exhaustion | Resources depleted, vulnerability to illness |
Common Stressors in Healthcare:
- Illness and hospitalization
- Loss and grief
- Financial concerns
- Family disruption
- Changes in independence
- Fear of the unknown
Defense Mechanisms
Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies that protect the ego from anxiety.
| Defense Mechanism | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Denial | Refusing to acknowledge reality | "The test must be wrong. I can't have cancer." |
| Repression | Unconscious forgetting of painful memories | Survivor of abuse has no memory of events |
| Projection | Attributing own feelings to others | Angry patient says, "You're always irritable." |
| Rationalization | Making excuses for behavior | "I only drink because work is stressful." |
| Displacement | Redirecting emotions to safer target | Patient angry at diagnosis yells at nurse |
| Regression | Returning to earlier developmental behavior | Hospitalized child returns to thumb-sucking |
| Sublimation | Channeling impulses into acceptable activities | Person with aggressive urges becomes a surgeon |
| Reaction formation | Acting opposite to true feelings | Person who dislikes someone is overly friendly |
| Intellectualization | Using logic to avoid emotions | Patient discusses disease statistics but not fears |
| Suppression | Conscious decision to put aside thoughts | "I'll think about that later." |
Adaptive vs. Maladaptive Coping
Adaptive Coping (Healthy):
| Strategy | Example |
|---|---|
| Problem-solving | Researching treatment options |
| Seeking social support | Talking to friends and family |
| Emotional expression | Crying, journaling |
| Relaxation techniques | Deep breathing, meditation |
| Exercise | Walking, yoga |
| Humor | Finding appropriate moments to laugh |
| Spiritual practices | Prayer, religious community |
| Time management | Prioritizing tasks |
Maladaptive Coping (Unhealthy):
| Strategy | Concern |
|---|---|
| Substance abuse | Alcohol, drugs to escape |
| Social isolation | Withdrawing from support |
| Avoidance | Ignoring problems |
| Aggression | Lashing out at others |
| Self-harm | Cutting, risky behaviors |
| Eating disturbances | Over/undereating |
| Denial of serious problems | Refusing necessary treatment |
Support Systems
Types of Support:
| Type | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Emotional | Care, empathy, love | Family, friends, counselors |
| Informational | Knowledge, guidance | Healthcare providers, support groups |
| Instrumental | Practical help | Transportation, meals, financial assistance |
| Appraisal | Feedback, validation | Friends, therapists |
Assessing Support Systems:
Questions to explore:
- "Who do you turn to when you need help?"
- "How has your family responded to your illness?"
- "What community resources do you use?"
- "Do you have friends you can talk to?"
Nursing Interventions for Coping
| Intervention | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Active listening | Provides emotional support |
| Validate feelings | Normalizes emotional responses |
| Identify strengths | Builds on existing coping abilities |
| Teach stress management | Provides new tools |
| Encourage support network | Activates resources |
| Refer as needed | Connects with professional support |
Teaching Stress Management
Relaxation Techniques:
- Deep breathing exercises
- Progressive muscle relaxation
- Guided imagery
- Meditation
- Mindfulness practices
Basic Deep Breathing Exercise:
- Sit or lie comfortably
- Place hand on abdomen
- Breathe in slowly through nose (4 counts)
- Feel abdomen rise
- Breathe out slowly through mouth (6 counts)
- Repeat 5-10 times
Cultural Considerations
Coping varies by culture:
- Expression of emotions
- Reliance on family vs. individual
- Spiritual and religious practices
- Attitudes toward seeking help
- Gender roles in coping
Nursing Approach:
- Ask about cultural coping practices
- Respect variations in emotional expression
- Involve appropriate family/community members
- Connect with culturally appropriate resources
Recognizing When More Help Is Needed
Signs requiring referral:
- Persistent depression or anxiety
- Thoughts of self-harm or suicide
- Substance abuse
- Inability to perform daily activities
- Social withdrawal
- Psychotic symptoms
- Panic attacks
On the NCLEX-PN
Expect questions about:
- Identifying defense mechanisms
- Distinguishing adaptive from maladaptive coping
- Supporting healthy coping strategies
- Recognizing when to refer for additional support
Test Your Knowledge
A patient who was just diagnosed with diabetes says, "The lab must have made a mistake. I don't have diabetes." This is an example of which defense mechanism?
A
B
C
D
Test Your Knowledge
A patient with cancer is coping by researching treatment options, joining a support group, and talking openly with family about fears. This coping style is:
A
B
C
D
Test Your Knowledge
An LPN is teaching stress management to a patient with chronic pain. Which technique would be most appropriate to teach?
A
B
C
D