Which structure is the functional unit of the kidney?

Nephron. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons. The glomerulus and collecting duct are parts of the nephron.

Where does fertilization typically occur?

Fallopian tube. Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tube (also called oviduct). The fertilized egg then travels to the uterus for implantation.

Which hormone triggers ovulation?

LH. Luteinizing hormone (LH) surge triggers ovulation around day 14 of the menstrual cycle. FSH stimulates follicle development, estrogen builds the uterine lining, and progesterone maintains it.

4.6 The Urinary and Reproductive Systems | ATI TEAS 7 (Nursing Admission) | Free Exam Prep

The Urinary and Reproductive Systems

The urinary system filters blood and eliminates waste. The reproductive system enables production of offspring. Both are essential TEAS topics.

Urinary System Organs

Organ	Function
Kidneys	Filter blood, produce urine, regulate fluid balance
Ureters	Transport urine from kidneys to bladder
Urinary bladder	Stores urine
Urethra	Eliminates urine from body

Kidney Structure

Structure	Function
Renal cortex	Outer region, contains nephron parts
Renal medulla	Inner region, contains loops and collecting ducts
Renal pelvis	Funnel-shaped, collects urine
Nephron	Functional unit (1 million per kidney)

The Nephron

Part	Function
Glomerulus	Capillary tuft where filtration occurs
Bowman's capsule	Surrounds glomerulus, collects filtrate
Proximal tubule	Reabsorbs nutrients, water, ions
Loop of Henle	Concentrates urine, reabsorbs water
Distal tubule	Fine-tunes ion/water reabsorption
Collecting duct	Final water reabsorption, collects urine

Urine Formation

Three processes:

Process	Location	What Happens
Filtration	Glomerulus	Blood filtered; water, waste, nutrients enter tubule
Reabsorption	Tubules	Useful substances returned to blood
Secretion	Tubules	Additional waste added to urine

Kidney Functions Beyond Urine

Regulate blood pressure (renin)
Produce erythropoietin (stimulates RBC production)
Activate vitamin D
Maintain acid-base balance (pH)
Regulate electrolytes

Male Reproductive System

Structure	Function
Testes	Produce sperm and testosterone
Epididymis	Stores and matures sperm
Vas deferens	Transports sperm to urethra
Seminal vesicles	Produce fructose-rich fluid
Prostate gland	Produces alkaline fluid
Urethra	Shared pathway for urine and semen

Spermatogenesis

Location: Seminiferous tubules in testes Hormone: Testosterone Result: Continuous sperm production after puberty

Pathway: Spermatogonia → Primary spermatocyte → Secondary spermatocyte → Spermatid → Sperm

Female Reproductive System

Structure	Function
Ovaries	Produce eggs (ova) and hormones
Fallopian tubes	Transport egg; site of fertilization
Uterus	Site of fetal development
Cervix	Opening to uterus
Vagina	Birth canal, receives sperm

Oogenesis

Location: Ovaries Result: One mature egg (ovum) per cycle

Difference from spermatogenesis: Produces 1 egg (not 4 cells) due to unequal division

Menstrual Cycle

Phase	Days (approx.)	Events
Menstrual	1-5	Uterine lining sheds
Follicular	1-13	Follicle develops, estrogen rises
Ovulation	Day 14	Egg released (LH surge)
Luteal	15-28	Corpus luteum produces progesterone

Key Reproductive Hormones

Hormone	Source	Function
FSH	Pituitary	Stimulates follicle/sperm development
LH	Pituitary	Triggers ovulation; stimulates testosterone
Estrogen	Ovaries	Female characteristics; uterine lining growth
Progesterone	Corpus luteum	Maintains uterine lining for pregnancy
Testosterone	Testes	Male characteristics; sperm production

Fertilization and Development

Fertilization: Sperm + egg = zygote (in fallopian tube)
Cleavage: Cell division as zygote travels to uterus
Implantation: Blastocyst embeds in uterine wall (~day 6-10)
Embryonic period: Weeks 3-8 (organ development)
Fetal period: Weeks 9-40 (growth and maturation)

ATI TEAS 7

1Introduction to the ATI TEAS

2Reading

3Mathematics

4Science

5English and Language Usage

Key Takeaways